![]() These studies supported a hypothesis of diminishing returns in which the harms may outweigh the benefits for youths with milder symptoms.Ĭonclusions and Relevance This review found evidence of ADHD overdiagnosis and overtreatment in children and adolescents. However, only 5 studies evaluated the critical issue of benefits and harms among the additional, milder cases. A total of 151 studies reported on outcomes of diagnosis and pharmacological treatment (question 5). Twenty-five studies showed that these additional cases may be on the milder end of the ADHD spectrum (question 3), and 83 studies showed that pharmacological treatment of ADHD was increasing (question 4). Evidence that actual ADHD diagnosis had increased was found in 45 studies (question 2). Substantial evidence of a reservoir of ADHD was found in 104 studies, providing a potential for diagnoses to increase (question 1). Of the 334 studies, 61 (18.3%) were secondary and 273 (81.7%) were primary research articles. Two researchers independently reviewed all abstracts and full-text articles, and all included studies were assessed for quality.įindings Of the 12 267 potentially relevant studies retrieved, 334 (2.7%) were included. Studies of children and adolescents (aged ≤18 years) with ADHD that focused on overdiagnosis plus studies that could be mapped to 1 or more framework question were included. MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies published in English between January 1, 1979, and August 21, 2020. Objective To systematically identify, appraise, and synthesize the evidence on overdiagnosis of ADHD in children and adolescents using a published 5-question framework for detecting overdiagnosis in noncancer conditions.Įvidence Review This systematic scoping review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews and Joanna Briggs Methodology, including the PRISMA-ScR Checklist. ![]() Although overdiagnosis is often suggested, no comprehensive evaluation of evidence for or against overdiagnosis has ever been undertaken and is urgently needed to enable evidence-based, patient-centered diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in contemporary health services. Importance Reported increases in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses are accompanied by growing debate about the underlying factors. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.That’s exactly what The 4-Hour Body delivers. You need immediate results that compel you to continue. You don’t need better genetics or more discipline. There are more than 50 topics covered, all with real-world experiments, many including more than 200 test subjects. How to add 150+ pounds to your lifts in 6 monthsĪnd that’s just the tip of the iceberg.How to go from running 5 kilometers to 50 kilometers in 12 weeks.How to triple testosterone and double sperm count. ![]() How to produce 15-minute female orgasms.How to sleep 2 hours per day and feel fully rested.How Tim gained 34 pounds of muscle in 28 days, without steroids, and in four hours of total gym time.How to increase fat-loss 300% with a few bags of ice.How to prevent fat gain while bingeing (X-mas, holidays, weekends).You Will Learn (in less than 30 minutes each) Thousands of tests later, this book contains the answers for both men and women.įrom the gym to the bedroom, it’s all here, and it all works. From Olympic training centers to black-market laboratories, from Silicon Valley to South Africa, Tim Ferriss, the #1 New York Times bestselling author of The 4-Hour Workweek, fixated on one life-changing question:įor all things physical, what are the tiniest changes that produce the biggest results? It contains the collective wisdom of hundreds of elite athletes, dozens of MDs, and thousands of hours of jaw-dropping personal experimentation. The 4-Hour Body is the result of an obsessive quest, spanning more than a decade, to hack the human body. This is not just another diet and fitness book. Lose more fat than a marathoner by bingeing? Sleep 2 hours per day and perform better than on 8 hours? Reach your genetic potential in 6 months?
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